Problem ER16

Dennis and Taper (1994, Ecological Monographs) report the population numbers of the red deer (Cervus elaphus) population in the Yellowstone Park.

Year 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
Numbers 3172 4305 5543 7281 8215 9981 10529 12607 10807 10741 11855 10768

First, establish whether a Malthusian model can correctly describe the red deer dynamics. If the answer is negative, see whether a Ricker model can aptly describe the time evolution of the deer population. In any case find the variance of the environmental stochasticity $\sigma_\varepsilon^2$ (namely the variance of the logarithm of the multiplicative noise that influences the population abundance).